about animal cell
Animal cells are eukaryotic which are cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. The DNA is housed in the nucleus. It also contains other membrane-bound organelles. Each of the organelle carryout specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of responsibility that begins with producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for the animal cell. Animal cells are found within every animal. They cannot make their own food. In the animal body, there are trillion of cells all over and each one is different (based on its function and type). The animal cell has at least three main parts, the nucleus, membrane, and cytoplasm. The nucleus gives direction to the cell. It directs all activity within the cell. The cell could not function without the nucleus. The nucleus of an animal cell is bounded by a membrane. The cell membrane protects the cell. It keeps harmful material away from the cell and allows helpful material to enter. The cytoplasm fills most of the animal cell and gives it its shape. It keeps organelles in their place and allows the transportation of material around the cell to occur smoothly. It also helps break down waste that is not needed.
parts of animal cell
Cell (Plasma) Membrane- thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents.
Centrioles - cylindrical structures that organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. Cilia and flagella - specialized groupings of microtubules that protrude from some cells and aid in cellular locomotion. Cytoplasm - gel-like substance within the cell. Cytoskeleton - network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that gives the cell support and helps to maintain its shape. Endoplasmic Reticulum - extensive network of membranes composed of both regions with ribosomes (rough ER) and regions without ribosomes (smooth ER). Golgi Complex - also called the Golgi apparatus, this structure is responsible for manufacturing, storing and shipping certain cellular products. Lysosomes - sacs of enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids. Microtubules - hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell. Mitochondria - cell components that generate energy for the cell and are the sites of cellular respiration. Nucleus - membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information. Nucleolus - structure within the nucleus that helps in the synthesis of ribosomes. Peroxisomes - enzyme containing structures that help to detoxify alcohol, form bile acid, and break down fats. Ribosomes - consisting of RNA and proteins, ribosomes are responsible for protein assembly. |
cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. When energy is released, it is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities in cell. This process occurs in two places: glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid) and the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water. In the eukaryotic cell, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and the remaining process take place in the mitochondria.
The mitochondria is a membrane-enclosed organelle. It is distributed through the cytosol of most eukaryotic ells. The number within cell ranges from few hundreds to thousands its main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP. The mitochondria has an outer membrane (encloses the entire structure, inner membrane (encloses a fluid-filled matrix). There an intermembrane space between the two membranes. The inner membrane is folded with shelf like cristae projecting into the matrix. There is also a small numbers in circular numbers of DNA. The number of cell in a mitochondria can increase by their fission or decrease by their fusing together.
The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion. The inner membrane contains five complexes of integral membrane proteins. The matrix contains complex mixtures of soluble enzymes and catalyze the respiration of pyruvic acid and other small organic molecules. The citric acid cycle is when two carbon fragmented is donated to a molecules of oxaloacetic acid and results to molecule of citric acid and undergo series of enzymatic steps. The final step regenerates a molecules of oxaloacetic acid and the cycle is ready to turn again. In electron transport, the electron transport chain consists of 3 complexes of integral membrane proteins and two freely-diffusible molecules that shuttle electrons from one complex to the next.
The mitochondria is a membrane-enclosed organelle. It is distributed through the cytosol of most eukaryotic ells. The number within cell ranges from few hundreds to thousands its main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP. The mitochondria has an outer membrane (encloses the entire structure, inner membrane (encloses a fluid-filled matrix). There an intermembrane space between the two membranes. The inner membrane is folded with shelf like cristae projecting into the matrix. There is also a small numbers in circular numbers of DNA. The number of cell in a mitochondria can increase by their fission or decrease by their fusing together.
The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion. The inner membrane contains five complexes of integral membrane proteins. The matrix contains complex mixtures of soluble enzymes and catalyze the respiration of pyruvic acid and other small organic molecules. The citric acid cycle is when two carbon fragmented is donated to a molecules of oxaloacetic acid and results to molecule of citric acid and undergo series of enzymatic steps. The final step regenerates a molecules of oxaloacetic acid and the cycle is ready to turn again. In electron transport, the electron transport chain consists of 3 complexes of integral membrane proteins and two freely-diffusible molecules that shuttle electrons from one complex to the next.