about plant cell
Plant cells is a type of eukaryotic cell found in organisms within the plant kingdom. Plant cells differ than other eukaryotic cells because the organelles present are different. Organelles are a major part of the cell. Many plant cells are green. Plant cells also have a distinct shape which is a rigid exterior that surrounds the cell and allows it to grow upright. This is an organelle that is not in the animal cells. Most organelles between plant and animal cells are common, however, plant cells have organelles that animal cells do not have; cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplast. The cell wall contains proteins and cellulose and provide protection and give the plant its shape and structure. The large vacuole is a holding space for materials the plant may or may not need, for example; food, water, and waste. The chloroplast contains chlorophyll that gives the plant its green color and perform photosynthesis. Plant cells make their own food in a process called photosynthesis. It takes in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20) and convert them into sugars. There are also some organelles that are not found in plant cells but in animal cells, for example centrosome and lysosome.
parts of plant cell
- Vacuole - a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell.
- Ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transport materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transport materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body and membranes.
- stroma - part of the chloroplasts in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between the grana.
- Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
- Cell wall - a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.
- Centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. Unlike the centrosomes in animal cells, plant cell centrosomes do not have centrioles.
- Mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
- Nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
- Nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.
- Nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
- Thylakoid disk - thylakoid disks are disk-shaped membrane structures in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are made up of stacks of thylakoid disks; a stack of thylakoid disks is called a granum. Photosynthesis (the production of ATP molecules from sunlight) takes place on thylakoid disks.
Photosynthesis
Every living organism needs energy to survive, and photosynthesis is how plants capture the energy they require. During photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into chlorophyll, enzymes and sugars.
The sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and turned into chemical energy. The energy enables the production of glucose by the reaction between water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is produced as a waste product. In most plants, photosynthesis occurs within the leaves
Photosynthesis is the process through which organisms like plants absorb and convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. The plants store this energy in the form of glucose.
In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the leaves that contain chloroplasts and stomata. While chloroplasts are types of plant cells, stomata are tiny openings in plant leaves that allow the exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen. The chloroplasts also contain other structures, such as chlorophyll, stroma, thylakoid and grana. These different structures have different functions in the photosynthesis process.
The photosynthesis process begins when the chlorophyll absorbs the light energy, the stomata take in carbon dioxide from the air and plants absorb water from stems. And the stroma, a fluid in the chloroplast, converts the carbon dioxide into sugar. The thylakoid and grana convert light energy into chemical energy.
Plants use the stored glucose to make food and then release oxygen into the atmosphere. The photosynthesis process takes place in two stages, which are the light-dependent reaction and the light-independent reaction.
Photosynthesis contains ADP, which is adenosine diphosphate, product of the Calvin cycle that is used in the light-dependent reactions. It also contains ATP, which is adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a major energy molecule in cells. ATP and NADPH are products of the light-dependent reactions in plants. ATP is used in reduction and regeneration of RuBP. Autotrophs, which is photosynthetic organisms which convert light energy into the chemical energy they need to develop, grow, and reproduce. The Calvin Cycle is a set of chemical reactions of photosynthesis that does not necessarily require light. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. It involves the fixing of carbon dioxide into glucose using NADPH and ATP.
The sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and turned into chemical energy. The energy enables the production of glucose by the reaction between water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is produced as a waste product. In most plants, photosynthesis occurs within the leaves
Photosynthesis is the process through which organisms like plants absorb and convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. The plants store this energy in the form of glucose.
In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the leaves that contain chloroplasts and stomata. While chloroplasts are types of plant cells, stomata are tiny openings in plant leaves that allow the exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen. The chloroplasts also contain other structures, such as chlorophyll, stroma, thylakoid and grana. These different structures have different functions in the photosynthesis process.
The photosynthesis process begins when the chlorophyll absorbs the light energy, the stomata take in carbon dioxide from the air and plants absorb water from stems. And the stroma, a fluid in the chloroplast, converts the carbon dioxide into sugar. The thylakoid and grana convert light energy into chemical energy.
Plants use the stored glucose to make food and then release oxygen into the atmosphere. The photosynthesis process takes place in two stages, which are the light-dependent reaction and the light-independent reaction.
Photosynthesis contains ADP, which is adenosine diphosphate, product of the Calvin cycle that is used in the light-dependent reactions. It also contains ATP, which is adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a major energy molecule in cells. ATP and NADPH are products of the light-dependent reactions in plants. ATP is used in reduction and regeneration of RuBP. Autotrophs, which is photosynthetic organisms which convert light energy into the chemical energy they need to develop, grow, and reproduce. The Calvin Cycle is a set of chemical reactions of photosynthesis that does not necessarily require light. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. It involves the fixing of carbon dioxide into glucose using NADPH and ATP.